Buddhism with its culture based on compassion and peace saw its golden era at the time of Emperor Ashoka. But by 12th Century A.D it began to decline and inimical forces actively worked for its disappearance. Many centuries later the Venerable Anagarika Dharmapala undertook the stupendous task of revival of Buddhism and Buddhist culture.

In 1891 he initiated a movement for revival by establishing the Maha Bodhi Society. With branches set up in many parts of the world, the Society continues its noble work "for the good of the many, for the benefit of the many". He was born in Colombo in 1864 and passed away in 1933.

Then in 1956 Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita, a Buddhist monk with profound knowledge and experience about the teachings of the Buddha founded Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore. This is a main Buddhist Institution in whole of South India. Seeing the urgent need for training good monks, he established the Mahabodhi Sangharama, which has trained many monks from all over the world, who are continuing their effort to serve the cause of Buddha Dhamma, particularly in the land of its origin, India.

50 long years have passed rendering manifold spiritual and humanitarian services both in India and abroad as well as giving Dhamma discourses and conducting meditation courses, running educational institutions and medical centers, publishing books, monthly magazines etc.

The History of the Maha Bodhi Society Bangalore

Speech of Bada Bhante Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita on the occasion of the Annual General Body meeting of Maha Bodhi Society

 held on 21-05-2010

Maha Bodhi Society was founded by the Venerable Anagarika Dhammapala of Sri Lanka in 1891. He hailed from an aristocratic Sinhalese Buddhist family. Once he visited India as a pilgrim to worship the holy places associated with the life of Lord Buddha. When he visited Buddha Gaya there was nothing there except broken images and the temple built by Emperor Ashoka was dilapidated and broken. It was turned into a Devalaya for various gods. The Mahant had occupied it illegally and since the place was covered with jungle nobody cared. He regularly and systematically exploited the foreign Buddhists from Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand and Himalayan regions where lots of Indian Buddhist followers lived. Since Venerable Dhammapala objected to the desecration of Lord Buddha’s images, he was badly ill-treated by the goondas of the Mahant.

So he went to the Bodhi Tree which was in a pitiable state uncared for and almost drying up. At the foot of the Bodhi Tree he took a vow of protecting  the Holy Buddhist place by starting the Maha Bodhi Society to fight for the cause of restoration of the holy places and dedicated his whole life to this one single goal. He wanted to revive Buddhism through restoration of Buddhist sites to Buddhists. He started a movement where very eminent leaders of Bengal like Sir Ashutosh Mukharjee, Sir Manmatha Banerjee, Shri Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, etc participated and actively helped the Anagarika.

He went to various foreign countries including the US. He attended the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago in 1893. Returning to India he was able to get enough fund to start the Calcutta Maha Bodhi Society with a good piece of land and later on a building. He brought young men from Sri Lanka and made them monks and trained them to run pilgrim centers in various holy places. These young monks, fired with the zeal of Venerable Anagarika Dhammapala, worked hard. But they had no idea of propagation of Buddhism in the Indian context, so that Buddhism could grow in India and in a real way bring about revival of Buddhism in India, the land of its origin.

I visited the Maha Bodhi Society Calcutta in 1946 and took the pancasila, being much impressed by the teachings of Lord Buddha. Later, in 1949, when I became a Buddhist monk at Kusinara under the Most Venerable Candamani Mahathera, I resumed my contact with the Maha Bodhi Society in Saranath, Calcutta and in Colombo where I had gone to study Buddhism under the Most Ven.Nyanatiloka Mahathera of Germany and others. After completion of Buddhist monastic education I was invited by the government of Burma to participate in the editorial work of the Tipitaka as a Pativisodhaka.

Later at the invitation of Venerable Jagadish Kashyap I joined Nalanda Pali Post Graduate Institute to teach Abhidhamma. So these associations taught me the significant lesson that the revival of Buddhism in India, the most vital task for every Buddhist, will remain unfulfilled unless there are really dedicated Indian Buddhists. Bhikkhus from various Buddhist countries were sincere but their activities were limited to managing the foreign pilgrims from various countries. Some Bhikkhus became teachers of Buddhism as part of Indian philosophy in some universities. All these activities were non-productive from the point of revival of Buddhism. They had cosmetic effect, and were superficial and unsustainable.

On the occasion of 2500 Buddha Jayanti I decided to resign from Nalanda Post  Graduate Institute, went to Buddhagaya to meditate and offered one lakh deepa puja for one full month. I  got a clear mind about future activities. That is  how, when Mrs.Bianca Moonasinghe the niece of Venerable Anagarika Dharmapala, and the wife of the General Secretary of Sri Lanka Maha Bodhi Society, and the head of Mahabodhi ladies committee, approached me saying that she got some land given by Maharaja of Mysore which was lying idle and some people had encroached on the land and nothing  is happening, etc. I accepted the offer with the condition that I will not be another bhikkhu employee as in other centers of Maha Bodhi Society. Ours will be an independent society, and as president I will conduct activities in a practical way through seva and sadhana programs. She was more than happy and that is how I came to Bangalore on 5^th June 1956.

On arrival I found the Mahabodhi site was once a part of the central jail as a stone quarry with 20-30 huge pits. Jail inmates were made to break the stones as punishment. I was faced with the gigantic task of filling up of the whole area with garbage which was done partly before, and start the building work which was also partly in progress. We began by putting a compound wall, removing encroachers, who had turned the land into public latrine, and started planting Ragi to make the land fertile. So the first few years, it was development of the site and building work.

Now this year is the 54^th year since the inception of the Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore, and it will be appropriate to present a bird’s eye view account of all the developmental activities up to date. For the sake of brevity the 54 years have been divided into 6 Navakas, periods of nine years.

In the first Navaka (1956-1965) the activities were varied and even colorful. In the first week of arrival somebody came and gave me a copy of Deccan Herald. The gentleman was one Mr.Basu whom I knew. The paper had painted me rather black saying, here is a Buddhist missionary, an ex Hindu sanyasi, with the sole object of converting people into Buddhism, etc. Six or seven intellectuals from local colleges came and said that they read the news and wanted to have a debate. I accepted the challenge and we debated near the present Bodhi Tree. At the end all were convinced that what they read was false and they were sorry for troubling me.

With these few intellectuals I started the Sunday Discourse Program, with half-hour meditation, and Dhamma teachings. Later on through them a lot of others joined and the program has continued since then.  One day visiting Victoria hospital I saw a large number of cancer patients waiting for the doctor. They were in pain. So I decided to start a seva program and called it Hospital Dana Service.

Nearby there was the wholesale fruit market. A man had Coorg oranges and bananas in heaps. When I asked him the price he questioned why as monk I needed so much. I told him that I want to give dana in hospital to the patients who are suffering. That shopkeeper said ok and gave the Coorg oranges and bananas and did not take any money. He also arranged for a coolie who too did not take money. When I went to Victoria hospital the chief doctor asked why did I bring so many fruits, I told him the purpose and he arranged for the distribution to 3-4 wards. The fruits were distributed and we wished the patients speedy recovery with the blessings of Lord Buddha. The doctor also promised money for the next service.

Now the devotees who came on Sunday lectures wanted also to donate and so the Hospital Dana Service became part  of the seva program and Meditation and Dhamma talks became part of sadhana program. This is how other services took shape. Now the hospital dana service became very popular. First it became once a month, then once in 15 days, then once a week and then every day.

As a part of educational program, we organized some medico-social-service courses in which many ladies took part and later ran hospital library service programs. We collected books to be kept in hospitals for patients and attendants to read. One day a gentle man came and said that he had extra tempos and wanted to offer two tempos because he had seen us going to hospitals on jhatkas everyday. Since we didn’t have money to appoint a driver, and I knew driving anyway, I got a license with the help of a devotee and started driving. The hospital service became well organized. We took up special services like leprosy patient’s service, cancer patient’s service etc. Later an eye donation program from Sri Lanka was added. These services spread wider, lot of people participated and there was no dearth of funds.

Meanwhile when the ground floor work of the main building was completed we took up the first floor. And so the construction project too progressed and a lot of people joined for monastic training program.

Another interesting instance may be mentioned. Mr.Nijalingappa while he was Chief Minister became a close devotee. He was in hospital as he was sick. He had seen our hospital dana service and we had met him in the hospital. It seems some industrialist wanted to bribe him with a car for getting a license for his industry. He, a clean-handed politician, threatened the man that he will be sent to police. Frightened, that man asked for forgiveness. Mr.Nijalingappa told this man that he will be forgiven if he gives away that car for hospital dana service conducted by Maha Bodhi Society. That is how the first four wheeler came to MBS.

In 1960-62 there was a famine, no rain for three years. The Indian and American governments had entered into an agreement called PL480 food-aid program for distressed people in famine affected areas. Now huge quantities of burgler wheat, oil, etc. arrived in Bangalore and were given to missionaries to distribute. They took advantage of this and converted lots of poor people around Bangalore. One day one Rama Reddy came, whom we I had seen as a patient in Victoria Hospital. He literally cried saying his village is going to be converted as the tank dried up totally and people had started eating even grass seeds. He asked if Mahabodhi could take up some seva program. So we went to Victoria and discussed the matter with doctors and very soon we started a rural medical seva program. On return from Sakalavara we visited the Chief Minister and described to him about the pitiable situation in the entire Bannerghatta area. He spoke to Dr.Alva, minister for health, and we organized a big medical service program and started to distribute PL480 food stuff. When famine abated, we thought of withdrawing from the area when our work was finished. But people requested Mahabodhi to stay and gave 13 acres of land and we started the Mahabodhi Rural Medical Center, Sakalavara, to render medical and humanitarian services. As it was being planned Mr.Birla offered to give money. We prepared a project report and needed Rs.75000 for the building. But he gave one lakh saying we will need more. At Sakalavara center we also started a student’s horticulture course and various other programs such as the ‘Scheduled-caste Housing and Welfare program’. The government gave a grant to build 20 houses to 20 very distressed families, together with a coconut tree and a cow each. The government also gave funds for road. When Sakalavara project took full shape, the government of India came into the picture through NIMHANS and they offered to expand the services to 45 villages, from the present 4 to 5 villages. By the end of 1^st Navaka Maha Bodhi Society programs expanded on their own. Money came, people came and things happened.

In the 2^nd Navaka we thought of concentrating on burns patients. There was no burns hospital in Karnataka state. Burns patients were put in the varanda of the Victoria hospital and nothing could be done except to let them die. It was a saddening situation. So the Mahabodhi promoted a Burns Hospital Project. Various industrialists donated as we offered free service to the industrial accident victims. We started with 50 beds which later on became 200 beded hospital. It was named Mahabodhi Burn’s and Casualty Center. Later on this program was further extended. We built Burn’s Wards in several district hospitals, such as, in Mysore, Mandya, Hassan, Tumkur, Chikmagalur government hospitals. It became a highly satisfying service program. Mahabodhi also trained many medico-social-workers because the burn’s work was a frightening one for many people.

After several years of medico social work we thought of starting our own hospital to be run on holistic lines and dedicated to the Asokan Buddhist ideal of Total Health with multi-disciplinary-approach. We approached the Corporation and got land on 99 year’s lease behind Lalbagh. We started the Arogya Foundation, India, another organization whose aim is to run hospital and medical centers. We also started an Artificial Limbs manufacturing center, donating free limbs for 15 years during 2^nd and 3^rd Navaka periods.

Venerable Ananda went to Europe and during his Dhamma talks he mentioned about our educational programs. So we got a lot of help for students both in Bangalore and Mysore centers. Mysore center also became an active social welfare center. Social activities were conducted like regular hospital dana service and pinjarapole animals feeding, etc. Along with regular Sunday lectures and other social welfare activities Mahabodhi also ran horticulture courses with the help of horticulture department where uneducated youth, school dropouts etc. were given training. We extended this program to Sakalavara also.

At the beginning of the 3^rd Navaka 1974-83, we faced a health-wise set back. Doctors diagnosed heart problem. So strenuous activities had to be curtailed. While activities were going on smoothly, we organized our publication division and started producing books very frequently. By the end of 3^rd navaka large number of books were published. Some of them are the following:

1.                  Law of Karma and Rebirth – vol 1 to 8

2.                  An unforgettable Inheritance – Vol 1-3

3.                  Buddhist Meditation Series – 1-10

4.                  Living Legacy of the Buddha

5.                  Mind Overcoming its Cankers

6.                  Pali Language and Literature

7.                  Concise Pali Course Part I and II

8.                  Devotion in Buddhism

9.                  Halo’d Triumphs

10.              Satipatthana Systems of Meditation

11.              Way Faring

12.              Value Orientation in Education and Service

13.              The Law of Life – Compassion

14.              Human Potentials and their Fulfillments

15.              Monthly magazine Dhamma

During the 4^th Navaka I visited Japan and the US. I used to shuttle between California and Bangalore. There we had taken up teaching program in various institutions. A meditation center was established in Big Bear called Buddhayoga Meditation Center.

In 1984 during 4^th Navaka we built Mahabodhi Vishwa Maitri Stupa in Bangalore. It is the first stupa built in India after 1000 years during which for unfortunate reasons Buddhism declined. Too many sects of Buddhism, like Mahayana, Tantrayana, Vajrayana, etc. came up and the Buddhist community was broken up and weakened. The original teachings were preserved in Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand. But in India no trace of the original teachings were found since nearly 1000 years.

In the year 1984 we took up the Tipitaka Granthamala Project to translate and print the Pali Tipitaka, which preserves the original teachings of the Buddha. We produced 13 volumes. Now these books are out of print and we are re-editing them to publish afresh. Further volumes will also be translated.

In 1986 Maha Bodhi Society took up one more step in educational program. This was to establish a branch of Maha Bodhi Society in Ladakh under my pupil Ven.Sanghasena. During my absence in the US Ven.Sanghasena ran the society dedicatedly and worked hard. He said to us that bringing boys and girls from far away Ladakh will not be fruitful unless we have a center in Leh with residential school and hostel and meditation center to promote the cause of the original teachings about which the people knew nothing. They followed the Tibetan system. Being open-minded, Ladakhis participated in the meditation retreats conducted at our center. The programs were extended to the foreigners who visited Ladakh.  

Ven.Sanghasena is rendering a meaningful service to Ladakhi people on behalf of the Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore. He also started an old-age home for those who had nobody to support them as they had some blindness problem. So these significant programs took him to various Asian countries like Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. and he was able to get lot of help. A Korean nun donated an entire hospital called Mahabodhi Karuna Charitable Hospital. Taiwanese organization Fo Kuang Shan also helped in a significant way. Later some Burmese Mahatheras came and helped him. So he is now running a productive center. We earnestly wish that he will fulfill our most sacred task of propagating the original teachings of the Buddha known as Theravada Buddhism in Ladakh, in the best interest of preserving the Buddhist Culture of Ladakh.

While staying at California an invitation was received from the Fo Kuang Shan university of Taiwan to teach their faculty members on original teachings of the Buddha of which they had no idea. Their type of Mahayana was mixed up with Chinese philosophical practices and beliefs and with what they had received from India during the declining years. So it was a significant experience for us. During 4^th Navaka in 1991-92, we suffered a serious heart problem and underwent open heart surgery in the US.

During the 5^th Navaka lot of very important activities were undertaken. After the heart problem, we decided to build a temple of Lord Buddha in the style of Buddhagaya as Mahabodhi Loka Shanti Buddha Vihara. This project was started in 1994 and the work went on very fast. The Maha Bodhi Society was able to build a monumental Buddha temple, one of its kind in whole of India. Mahabodhi wanted to perpetuate the glory of the Buddhagaya temple built by Emperor Asoka, which was broken many times by foreign islamic invaders and other local religious fanatics. Now our World-Peace Buddha temple has become the hub of Mahabodhi multiple activities. Everyday from morning 5 am programs start with puja and meditation till night. Many people come for meditation and discourses on Sundays and for various ceremonies and festivals. Mahabodhi had also started in 1995 a community center below the temple which serves as the place for community programs like seminars, meetings, classes and pabbajja courses. The Sevakshetra was also extended to bring more sustained support to our activities.

Due to health problems we had to frequently shuttle between US and Bangalore. In the year 2000 I decided to return to India once for all. A major reorganization was taken up in Bangalore and Mysore. All the lay students studying in Bangalore were shifted to Mysore after building the Mahabodhi Carla Students Home. At Bangalore we decided to start the Mahabodhi Monastic Institute in 2001. Very soon the number of monks went up to 150, and during these years a lot of organizational improvements have occurred. Classes have been organized and text books have been produced. The challenging task has been to train the teachers as well as students at the same time. The Mahabodhi Nalanda hostel was built to accommodate 90 monks with a spacious dining hall and kitchen. One more important program has been the pabbajja ordination program along with Dikkha and Sikkha. Mahabodhi also conducted seven 3-month Dhammaduta courses for Indian Buddhist monks from all over India.

The 6^th Navaka period has brought about a very significant expansion of Mahabodhi activities both in India and abroad. A branch of Maha Bodhi Society was established in Diyun in Arunachal Pradesh to serve the poor Buddhist communities who are scattered and divided. At present in Diyun we have a model school, girls hostel, boys hostel, monk’s center, humanitarian programs like distribution of mosquito nets, blankets and providing medical help through our ambulance service. Social integration has been the main program. Mahabodhi Dhammavijaya Buddha vihara and Mahabodhi Maitri Stupa are under construction which will be completed this year. We have also started a branch in Tawang where an old age home and hostel are coming up and another branch in Deomali where the work of building a school has begun. One branch was started in Tripura at Chi Chin Chera. As chairman of all these activities the Venerable Kassapa Thera is doing excellent work.

The Venerable Panyaloka has been sent to our Diyun Center to take charge of the office of the Project Director of Mahabodhi College in Namsai. He has to organize and establish this center on behalf of the Maha Bodhi Society Bangalore, from A to Z with an office at Diyun. He will keep sending the reports now and then about the progress of the project.

During this 6^th Navaka period several Mahabodhi centers and associate branches were started by Ven.Ananda in Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Spain. An USA Center too has come up in California at Coarsegold. Mahabodhi is sending two monks Venerable Sangharakkhita and Venerable Panyarakkhita to Europe on Dhamma teaching program at the invitation of our devotees there. Ms.Monica Thaddey of Switzerland has given a very sumptuous donation in the name of her sister Carla to establish Mahabodhi Carla Students Home in Mysore and in the name of her mother Rita to establish Mahabodhi Rita Girls Home in Diyun and for other projects including Tawang old age home. Now she and her friends are coming on the occasion of Pavarana ceremony in Bangalore and Kathina Civara Dana and opening ceremony of Mahabodhi Dhammavijaya Buddha Vihara and Mahabodhi Maitri Stupa at Diyun in October 2010.

In this period several books were published, both text books and others in English, Kannada, Assamese and Bengali. The society distributed six lakhs of books both published here and received from Taiwan’s the Corporate body of the Buddha Education Foundation.

The Sunday discourses have continued uninterrupted for all these years with a significant audience of earnest devotees and meditators.   

Another important program that was started on the occasion of 2550^th Buddha Jayanti was the establishment of Mahabodhi Academy for Pali and Buddhist Studies, which is conducting two year Diploma course in Buddhist studies in English and Kannada. Hindi version too will soon start. With the assistance from the central government construction is going on for the Academy programs. This will be upgraded as Lord Buddha University of Pali and Theravada Buddhism.

Foundation has been laid for Mahabodhi Dhammaduta Center for Moral and Spiritual Education at Alur. The 3.75 acres of land was donated by Upasaka Chaitanya Bodh (Raghunath) which will be developed as training center for Dhammadutas, Dhammacaris and for monks and lay people to practice meditation.

The latest addition is the beautiful Mahabodhi Dhammavijaya Mahadvara, together with the re-building of the entire front compound wall, a historic contribution of Upasaka Rajanna Bodh.

We have now a good team of monks who are working hard consisting of the following:

1.                  Venerable Sanghasena

2.                  Venerable Kassapa

3.                  Venerable Ananda

4.                  Venerable Sangharakkhita

5.                  Venerable Aggadhammo

6.                  Venerable Panyarakkhita

7.                  Venerable Dhammaloka

8.                  Venerable Dhammacitta

9.                  Venerable Vinayarakkhita

10.              Venerable Visuddhananda

11.              Venerable Jinananda

12.              Venerable Nagasena

13.              Venerable Saddharakkhita

14.              Venerable Sanghapala

15.              Venerable Buddhapala

16.              Venerable Buddhadatta

In addition there are several other promising upcoming monks who are undergoing training in our Monastic institute, to be able to run the increasing number of Maha Bodhi Society Bangalore branches in India and abroad.

As we visualize the future, the Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore should develop

1.                  The Mahabodhi Monastic Institute to be a model monk’s training center where Theravada Buddhism is presented in its pure form so that the monks trained here will revive pure form of Buddhism in India.

2.                  A facility to enroll more and more youth from all states of India for monastic training.

3.                  Programs to build a devout Buddhist community, which is a practicing community, dedicated to sila, Samadhi and panya.

4.                  More and more meditation centers for purification of the mind.

5.                  At least 9 schools and hostels each in Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh and Tripura.

6.                  A beautiful Buddha vihara with resident monk in every district of Karnataka and other places along with a library for study of Buddhism.

7.                  A facility for the whole of Tipitaka to be translated into Kannada and other Indian languages and published.

8.                  Lord Buddha University of Pali and Theravada Buddhism as center of higher study of the original teachings of the Buddha.

9.                  An active Dhammaduta center training Buddhist educators and leaders.

10.              Buddhist colleges and later university in Arunachal Pradesh (Namsai).